2 Ion Movement

Ion flow into and out of the neuron is a critical component of neuron function. The control of ion movement affects the cell at rest and while sending and receiving information from other neurons.

Phospholipid Bilayer Prevents Ion Movement

The neuronal membrane is composed of lipid molecules that form two layers. The hydrophilic heads of the molecules align on the outside of the membrane, interacting with the intra- and extracellular solution of the cell, whereas the hydrophobic tails are arranged in the middle, forming a barrier to water and water-soluble molecules like ions. This barrier is critical to neuron function.

Illustration of phospholipid bilayer. Details in text.
Figure 2.1. The neuronal membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules that form a barrier to water and water-soluble molecule due to the organization of the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic ends of the molecules. ‘Phospholipid Bilayer’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 International License.

Ions move in predictable ways


Ion Channels Allow Ion Movement

Embedded throughout the neuronal membrane are ion channels. Ion channels are proteins that span the width of the cell membrane and allow charged ions to move across the membrane. Ions cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer without a channel. Channels can be opened in a number of different ways. Channels that open and close spontaneously are called leak or non-gated channels. Channels that open in response to a change in membrane potential are called voltage-gated. Channels that open in response to a chemical binding are called ligand-gated. Other mechanisms like stretch of the membrane or cellular mechanisms can also lead to the opening of channels. Channels can be specific to one ion or allow the flow of multiple ions.

 

Illustrated phospholipid bilayer with seven closed ion channels.
Figure 2.2. The phospholipid bilayer with embedded ion channels. The dotted, blue channels represent sodium channels; the striped, green channels represent potassium channels; the solid yellow channels represent chloride channels. ‘Membrane with Channels’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 International License.

Ion channels control ion movement across the cell membrane because the phospholipid bilayer is impermeable to the charged atoms. When the channels are closed, no ions can move into or out of the cell. When ion channels open, however, then ions can move across the cell membrane.

Animation 2.1. When ion channels in the membrane are closed, ions cannot move into or out of the neuron. Ions can only cross the cell membrane when the appropriate channel is open. For example, only sodium can pass through open sodium channels. The dotted, blue channels represent sodium channels; the striped, green channels represent potassium channels; the solid yellow channels represent chloride channels. ‘Ion Movement’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 International License. View static image of animation.

Gradients Drive Ion Movement

Ions move in predictable ways. Concentration and electrical gradients drive ion movement. Ions will diffuse from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Diffusion is a passive process, meaning it does not require energy. As long as a pathway exists (like through open ion channels), the ions will move down the concentration gradient.

In addition to concentration gradients, electrical gradients can also drive ion movement. Ions are attracted to and will move toward regions of opposite charge. Positive ions will move toward regions of negative charge, and vice versa.

For discussion of ion movement in this text, the combination of these two gradients will be referred to as the electrochemical gradient. Sometimes the concentration and electrical gradients driving ion movement can be in the same direction; sometimes the direction is opposite. The electrochemical gradient is the summation of the two individual gradients and provides a single direction for ion movement.

Animation 2.2. Concentration and electrical gradients drive ion movement. Ions diffuse down concentration gradients from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Ions also move toward regions of opposite electrical charge. ‘Gradients’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 International License. View static image of animation.

When Gradients Balance, Equilibrium Occurs

When the concentration and electrical gradients for a given ion balance, meaning they are equal in strength but in different directions, that ion will be at equilibrium. Ions still move across the membrane through open channels when at equilibrium, but there is no net movement in either direction meaning there is an equal number of ions moving into the cell as there are moving out of the cell.

Animation 2.3. When an ion is at equilibrium, which occurs when the concentration and electrical gradients acting on the ion balance, there is no net movement of the ion. The ions continue to move across the membrane through open channels, but the ion flow into and out of the cell is equal . In this animation, the membrane starts and ends with seven positive ions on each side even though the ions move through the open channels. ‘Ion Equilibrium’ by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 International License. View static image of animation.

Key Takeaways

  • The phospholipid bilayer prevents ion movement into or out of the cell
  • Ion channels allow ion movement across the membrane
  • Electrochemical gradients drive the direction of ion flow
  • At equilibrium, there is no net ion movement (but ions are still moving)

Test Yourself!

  1. Explain how chemical and electrical gradients affect ion flow.
  2. Explain ion movement at equilibrium.

Video Lecture

 

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Foundations of Neuroscience Copyright © 2021 by Casey Henley is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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