chhoti ye ی and baRi ye ے

The letters ی and ے function as both long vowels and semi-vowels. Close attention needs to be paid to the variants of these two letters, as they take different initial, middle, and final forms.

Gives the sound of a vowel i (as in English peel) as well as the semi-vowel y (as in yak).

Gives the sound of two different vowels: e (as in English bay) and ai (as in ash).

Exercises:

Chapter 1.6.1_chhoti and baRi ye

do chashmi he ھ

As you all know, Hindi and Urdu are the same language with two different scripts. Hindi has separate letters for aspirated consonants, but Urdu does not have separate letters. By using do chashmi he ھ, we can make Urdu’s unaspirated consonants aspirated.

do chashmi he ھ with non-connectors

Please note that do chashmi he ھ joins with a following letter, even though it indicates aspiration for the previous letter.

Examples: آدھا , سیدھا , رادھا , دھرتی

do chashmi he ھ with connectors

Examples of do chashmi he ھ with connecting letters ب , ج , and ک groups.

Exercises:

Chapter 1.6.2_do chashmi he

chhoti he ہ

chhoti he ہ shows both a consonant “h”, and vowels “a” and “e”. Please also see its very different shapes at the initial, middle, and final positions.

Exercises:

Chapter 1.6.3_chhoti he

hamzaa ء

hamzaa ء indicates the occurrence of two vowels in a sequence. Hamzaa is always placed on the second vowel except for certain combinations. Hamzaa ء is written with the help of a variant.

Exercises:

Chapter 1.6.4_hamzaa

Please check your learning.

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