8.7 Grammar: Subjunctive
Subjunctive verb forms are generally used to convey desirability, possibility, probability, uncertainty, or a wish about some future action or event.
Structure:
In order to create subjunctive form in Persian language, Add to the present stem of the verb. There are several words that will be used in present subjunctive which you will see in the table below:
| Subjunctive | use of |
|---|---|
|
من شاید به بازار بروم I might go to the market. |
might شاید |
|
من باید به بازار بروم I must go to the market. |
must
باید |
|
من دوست دارم به بازار بروم I like to go to the market. |
like to
دوست داشتن |
|
من به بازار می روم تا خرید بکنم I am going to the marker to shop. |
until |
Present subjunctive vs future tense:
In the following examples you can see the differences between subjunctive and future.
he/she will go to Detroit tomorrow. او فردا به دیترویت خواهد رفت :Future
He/She may go to Detroit tomorrow. او فردا شاید به دیترویت برود :Subjunctive
I will study Persian next year, too. سال آینده, من فارسی خواهم خواند :Future
I must study Persian next year. سال آینده , من باید فارسی بخوانم :Subjunctive
Negation of Subjunctive:
The negative particle used with the subjunctive is always ن.
s/he may not go to tomorrow.” او شاید به دیترویت نرود
it may not rain today. فردا شاید باران نبارد
Subjunctive Case in Imperfective and Perfective Aspects:
In order to use subjunctive case in imperfective and perfective aspect, a subjunctive form of ہونا is added as an auxiliary to the habitual, progressive, or perfective forms of the main verb.
Uses of Subjunctive Case:
To express desirability.
Let’s go out somewhere today. بیا امروز بریم جایی
To express advice/permission (may, should).
May I come in? میتونم بیام داخل؟
“May I go home?” میتونم برم خونه؟
Let’s Constructions
Let’s go for a walk. بیا بریم قدم بزنیم
Let’s eat food. بیا غذا بخوریم
Most polite form of request.
Please come with me .لطفا با من بیا
Let’s eat now. بیا الان غذا بخوریم
To express probability/uncertainty.
Perhaps it may rain today. ممکن است امروز باران ببارد
“Perhaps s/he may come here tomorrow.” ممکن است او فردا بیاید اینجا
To express wishes/blessings/curses.
Wish you a happy birthday! !تولدت مبارک باشد
Wish you a happy new year! !سال نو مبارک باشد
Complex Sentences: Uses of Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
The subjunctive case can be used in a subordinate clause to express desire and possibility.
For example:
I want you to study Persian. من می خوامتو فارسی بخوانی
Mother wants me to become a doctor. مادر می خوادمن دکتر بشم
More Expressions
| Examples | Expressions | |
|---|---|---|
| It would be great if she came back!” چه خوب بود اگر او برمیگشت | … چقدر خوبه | 1 |
| If only today was a holiday. ای کاش امروز تعطیل بود | … ای کاش | 2 |
| You ought to/should help the poor. شما باید به فقرا کمک بکنید | …باید | 3 |
| It is necessary for us to help the poor. لازم است که به فقرا کمک بکنیم | …لازم است | 4 |
| I think you should not go anywhere today. به نظر من امروز نباید جایی بری | من فکر می کنم که | 5 |
| It is possible that they will go to Pakistan next year.
ممکنه که سال آینده به پاکستان سفر کنیم |
… ممکنه که | 6 |
| It may be that she will come tomorrow. شاید او فردا بیاید | ……شاید | 7 |
Other constructions requires subjunctive with Conjunctions:
(so that) ……تا اینکه
“Learn Persian so that you can speak Farsi in Iran. فارسی بخوانید تا بتوانید در ایران فارسی صحبت کنید
The subjunctive of possibility is common in conditional (if…..then construction).
“If you ask, then I will also come with you. اگه بخواهی من هم باهات میام
In the sentence with (…مگر اینکه), the subjunctive form is generally used (if the reference is to a future action).
“Don’t come in until I call you. نیا مگر اینکه من بهت تلفن کنم
The subjunctive is used in “as if/as though” clauses that indicate supposition or imagined actions or situations, particularly after expressions such as “it seems as if/as though….” or “it appears as if/as though.”
“It seemed to us/we felt as if we were strangers there. آنجا احساس می‌کردیم ما غریبه‌ایم
“She is as pretty (that you would think of her) as though she were a rose. او مثل گل رز بسیار زیباست
Activity 1
Please write two subjunctive sentences in Persian language that express:
| .١ | desirability | (a) |
|---|---|---|
| .٢ | ||
| .١ | advice/permission | (b) |
| .٢ | ||
| .١ | “let’s” construction | (c) |
| .٢ | ||
| .١ | polite form of request | (d) |
| .٢ | ||
| .١ | probability/uncertainty | (e) |
| .٢ | ||
| .١ | Blessing/Curse/Wishes | (f) |
| .٢ |
Activity 2
(a) Food Recipe: Please write a recipe of your favorite Persian food. You have done this before using imperative sentences. Here, you have to write the recipe using subjunctive sentences.
(b) Giving Direction: Imagine that you have invited a friend to your house for a party. Your friend does not know the direction from her/his house to your house. Please write directions in Persian. (Hint: Please use subjunctive sentences).
(c) Good wishes: Imagine you are in Iran for the norouz celebration and record yourself making good wishes for family and friends.
!سپاس
