3.5 Grammar of Adjectives
Adjectives Video
Instructor Video: Adjectives
Adjectives qualify nouns and pronouns. In Hindi, adjectives can be classified in two categories: (a) Marked, and (b) Unmarked.
(a) Marked Adjectives end in –आ . Marked adjective changes its form according to number and gender of the noun that it qualifies.
–आ : –आ ending adjective is for masculine singular.
–ए : –आ changes in –ए for plural nouns, and masculine honorific.
–ई : –आ changes in –ई for feminine noun.
Examples:
अच्छा लड़का (m.) “good boy,” अच्छी लड़की (f.) “good girl,” अच्छे बच्चे (plu.) “good children.”
बड़ा घर (m.) “big house,” बड़ी दीवार (f.) “big wall,” बड़े घर (plu.) “big houses.”
लंबा आदमी (m.) “tall man,” लंबी औरत (f.) “tall woman,” लंबे लोग (plu.) “tall people.”
Exception: There are a few adjectives like बढ़िया “good,” ज़िंदा “alive,” and मादा “female,” etc that end in –आ but do not change their forms according to number and gender of the nouns that these adjectives qualify. Most of these adjectives are Persian-Arabic loan words.
(b) Unmarked Adjectives are adjectives that do not end in –आ . Unmarked adjective does not change its form according to number and gender of the noun that it qualifies.
Examples:
तेज़ लड़का (m.) “smart boy,” तेज़ लड़की (f.) “smart girl,” तेज़ बच्चे (plu.) “smart children.”
मज़बूत घर (m.) “strong house,” मज़बूत दीवार (f.) “strong wall,” मज़बूत घर (plu.) “strong houses.”
अमीर आदमी (m.) “rich man,” अमीर औरत (f.) “rich woman,” अमीर लोग (plu.) “rich people.”
Word order for adjectives: Adjectives can be used predicatively (following), and attributively (preceding).
For examples:
| Predicatively | Attributively |
|---|---|
| यह किताब अच्छी है|
This book is good. |
यह अच्छी किताब है |
This is a good book. |
| वे लोग अमीर हैं |
Those people are rich. |
वे अमीर लोग हैं |
They are rich people. |
| यह लड़का होशियार है|
This boy is intelligent. |
यह होशियार लड़का है |
He is an intelligent boy. |
Use of –सा with adjectives
In Hindi, –सा is used with adjectives to add extra meaning.
(a) Adjective + सा: It adds “looking, seeming.”
For example:
- मोटा सा आदमी “fat looking man.”
- अच्छी सी चाय “seemingly good tea.”
- पागल से बच्चे “seemingly crazy children.”
(b) Quantitative Adjective + सा:
- बहुत सा “a great deal.”
- थोड़ा सा “just a little.”
Activities
रंगों के नाम “Names of Colors”
Please read the following adjectives and decide whether the adjective is marked or unmarked adjective.
| Hindi | English | Marked/Unmarked |
|---|---|---|
| काला | Black | |
| नीला | Blue | |
| भूरा | Brown | |
| धूसर/स्लेटी | Gray | |
| हरा | Green | |
| नारंगी | Orange | |
| बैंगनी | Purple | |
| लाल | Red | |
| सफ़ेद | White | |
| पीला | Yellow |
Adjectives of Quality
Please read the following adjectives and decide whether the adjective is marked or unmarked adjective. Please also make a sentence with each adjective.
| Hindi | English | Marked/Unmarked | Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| अच्छा | Good | ||
| बुरा | Bad | ||
| हल्का | Lite | ||
| भारी | Heavy | ||
| अँधेरा | Dark | ||
| साफ़ | Clean | ||
| गंदा | Dirty | ||
| आसान | Easy | ||
| कठिन | Hard | ||
| सस्ता | Cheap | ||
| महँगा | Expensive | ||
| नया | New (thing) | ||
| पुराना | Old (thing) | ||
| सही | Right | ||
| ग़लत | Wrong | ||
| मज़बूत | Strong | ||
| कमज़ोर | Weak | ||
| बूढ़ा | Old (person) | ||
| जवान | Young |
Record your sentences here and share with your friends/teacher
Please choose the correct form of adjective of the following noun.
धन्यवाद !
