1.5. Additional Sources
1. Most Recent Controversy Surrounding Beauty Pageant Contests in Indonesia
The 2013 Miss World contest was scheduled to take place in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, with a series of preliminary events in the month of September and culminated on September 28, 2013. Unfortunately, this event was then moved to the resort island of Bali after weeks of protests by Indonesian Muslim hardliners around several cities in Indonesia, calling on the government to revoke the permit for the contest.
Chanting “Allah akbar” (God is great), the protesters, mostly women, waved banners reading “Miss World Culture Liberalisation Campaign” and “Reject Miss World”, as reported by the Guardian on 5 September 2013.
The organiser, MNC media group, said it was not possible to cancel the contest or move the venue, and said the government had given assurances that it would provide security and protection for the event.
According to Hary Tanoesoedibjo, head of MNC group that organized the event, there was a misunderstanding that the pageant included a bikini show even though the chair of the Miss World Organisation, Julia Morley, had earlier confirmed that none of the contestants would wear a bikini.
Rejection of the event has come not only from hardline groups but also from the country’s most influential group of clerics, the Indonesia Ulema Council, whose fatwas are followed by many devoted Muslims.
Last week the council urged the government to cancel the event, saying the exposure of skin by women in such a competition violated Islamic teachings.
Most Muslims in Indonesia are moderate, but a small extremist fringe has become more vocal in recent years.
Source: This is an extract summarizing the article “Indonesians protest over Miss World contest” by the Associated Press, published in Jakarta on September 5, 2013.
2. Reduplication: Word-forming Processes
Various types of reduplication can be differentiated as follows:
a. Full Reduplication
Simple words (or free bases), complex words (consisting of an affix or more than one affix), and the bases of complex words in Indonesian can be fully reduplicated. Full reduplication involves repeating the entire word. Examples of reduplicated free bases are buku-buku, tinggi-tinggi, and makan-makan.
Examples of reduplicated complex words are perubahan-perubahan (from base ubah), tulisan-tulisan (from base tulis) and examples of reduplicated bases within a complex word are kemerah-merahan (from base merah), sebesar-besarnya (from base besar), melihat-lihat (from base lihat).
b. Partial Reduplication
Partial reduplication occurs only with bases which begin with a consonant by placing before the base a syllable consisting of the first consonant of the base followed by e. Examples of partial reduplication are:
| Base Word | Partially Reduplicated Word |
|---|---|
| tangga (ladder) → | tetangga (neighbor) |
| laki (husband)→ | lelaki (man) |
| luhur (noble)→ | leluhur (ancestor) |
| tamu (guest)→ | tetamu (guest) |
| tapi (but) → | tetapi (but) |
This type of reduplication is no longer productive in the language; it occurs with a few bases, mainly nouns and cannot be applied to others.
c. Imitative Reduplication
In imitative reduplication, the two parts of the word are not identical, although they are similar. Imitative reduplication can be nouns, adjectives, or verbs but they are productive meaning that new forms cannot be created nor can the two parts of the word change places. The reduplication usually indicates variety or emphasizes the meaning of the first component. Examples of imitative reduplication are sayur-mayur (vegetables), lauk-pauk (side dishes), kaya-raya (very wealthy), warna-warni (colorful), desas-desus (rumour), gerak-gerik (movements, gestures).
Often, with this type of imitative reduplication, neither part of the word can occur alone: bolak-balik (to and fro), balik (return), obrak-abrik (destroy, smash to pieces), asal-usul (origin, descent), asal (origin), teka-teki (riddle).
Source: Indonesian Reference Grammar by James Neil Sneddon, 2nd edition (2010)
